differencebetweenitaliansonnetandenglishsonnet英国十四行诗和意大利十四行诗的区别是什么?请帮忙,英文的,简要比较就可以了,谢谢

Question

difference between italian sonnet and english sonnet
英国十四行诗和意大利十四行诗的区别是什么?请帮忙,英文的,简要比较就可以了,谢谢

Answer 1

The Italian sonnets included two parts.First,the octave (two quatrains),which describe a problem,followed by a sestet (two tercets),which gives the resolution to it.Typically,the ninth line creates a "turn" or volta which signals the move from proposition to resolution.Even in sonnets that don't strictly follow the problem/resolution structure,the ninth line still often marks a "turn" by signaling a change in the tone,mood,or stance of the poem.
In the sonnets of Giacomo da Lentini,the octave rhymed a-b-a-b,a-b-a-b; later,the a-b-b-a,a-b-b-a pattern became the standard for Italian sonnets.For the sestet there were two different possibilities,c-d-e-c-d-e and c-d-c-c-d-c.In time,other variants on this rhyming scheme were introduced such as c-d-c-d-c-d.
The first known sonnets in English,written by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard,Earl of Surrey,used this Italian scheme,as did sonnets by later English poets including John Milton,Thomas Gray,William Wordsworth and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.Early twentieth-century American poet Edna St.Vincent Millay also wrote most of her sonnets using the Italian form.
English (Shakespearean) sonnet
Henry Howard,Earl of Surrey,c.1542 by Hans Holbein
William Shakespeare,in the famous "Chandos" portrait.Artist and authenticity unconfirmed.National Portrait Gallery (UK).See also:Shakespeare's sonnets
Soon after the introduction of the Italian sonnet,English poets began to develop a fully native form.While English sonnets were introduced by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century,his sonnets and those of his contemporary the Earl of Surrey were chiefly translations from the Italian of Petrarch and the French of Ronsard and others.While Wyatt introduced the sonnet into English,it was Surrey who gave them the rhyming meter,and division into quatrains that now characterizes the English sonnet.Having previously circulated in manuscript,both poets' sonnets were first published in Richard Tottel's Songes and Sonnetts,better known as Tottel's Miscellany (1557).
It was,however,Sir Philip Sidney's sequence Astrophel and Stella (1591) that started the English vogue for sonnet sequences:the next two decades saw sonnet sequences by William Shakespeare,Edmund Spenser,Michael Drayton,Samuel Daniel,Fulke Greville,William Drummond of Hawthornden,and many others.These sonnets were all essentially inspired by the Petrarchan tradition,and generally treat of the poet's love for some woman; with the exception of Shakespeare's sequence.The form is often named after Shakespeare,not because he was the first to write in this form but because he became its most famous practitioner.The form consists of fourteen lines structured as three quatrains and a couplet.The third quatrain generally introduces an unexpected sharp thematic or imagistic "turn"; the volta.In Shakespeare's sonnets,however,the volta usually comes in the couplet,and usually summarizes the theme of the poem or introduces a fresh new look at the theme.With only a rare exception,the meter is iambic pentameter,although there is some accepted metrical flexibility (e.g.,lines ending with an extra-syllable feminine rhyme,or a trochaic foot rather than an iamb,particularly at the beginning of a line).The usual rhyme scheme is end-rhymed a-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g.
This example,Shakespeare's Sonnet 116,illustrates the form (with some typical variances one may expect when reading an Elizabethan-age sonnet with modern eyes):
Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a)
Admit impediments,love is not love (b)*
Which alters when it alteration finds,(a)
Or bends with the remover to remove.(b)*
O no,it is an ever fix茅d mark (c)**
That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d)***
It is the star to every wand'ring bark,(c)
Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken.(d)***
Love's not time's fool,though rosy lips and cheeks (e)
Within his bending sickle's compass come,(f)*
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,(e)
But bears it out even to the edge of doom:(f)*
If this be error and upon me proved,(g)*
I never writ,nor no man ever loved.(g)*
* PRONUNCIATION/RHYME:Note changes in pronunciation since composition.
** PRONUNCIATION/METER:"Fixed" pronounced as two-syllables,"fix-ed."
*** RHYME/METER:Feminine-rhyme-ending,eleven-syllable alternative.
The Prologue to Romeo and Juliet is also a sonnet,as is Romeo and Juliet's first exchange in Act One,Scene Five,lines 104-117,beginning with "If I profane with my unworthiest hand" (104) and ending with "Then move not while my prayer's effect I take." (117).[9]
In the 17th century,the sonnet was adapted to other purposes,with John Donne and George Herbert writing religious sonnets,and John Milton using the sonnet as a general meditative poem.Both the Shakespearean and Petrarchan rhyme schemes were popular throughout this period,as well as many variants.
The fashion for the sonnet went out with the Restoration,and hardly any sonnets were written between 1670 and Wordsworth's time.However,sonnets came back strongly with the French Revolution.Wordsworth himself wrote several sonnets,of which the best-known are "The world is too much with us" and the sonnet to Milton; his sonnets were essentially modelled on Milton's.Keats and Shelley also wrote major sonnets; Keats's sonnets used formal and rhetorical patterns inspired partly by Shakespeare,and Shelley innovated radically,creating his own rhyme scheme for the sonnet "Ozymandias".Sonnets were written throughout the 19th century,but,apart from Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese and the sonnets of Dante Gabriel Rossetti,there were few very successful traditional sonnets.Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote several major sonnets,often in sprung rhythm,of which the greatest is "The Windhover," and also several sonnet variants such as the 10½-line curtal sonnet "Pied Beauty" and the 24-line caudate sonnet "That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire." By the end of the 19th century,the sonnet had been adapted into a general-purpose form of great flexibility.
This flexibility was extended even further in the 20th century.Among the major poets of the early Modernist period,Robert Frost,Edna St.Vincent Millay and E.E.Cummings all used the sonnet regularly.William Butler Yeats wrote the major sonnet Leda and the Swan,which used half rhymes.Wilfred Owen's sonnet Anthem for Doomed Youth was another sonnet of the early 20th century.W.H.Auden wrote two sonnet sequences and several other sonnets throughout his career,and widened the range of rhyme-schemes used considerably.Auden also wrote one of the first unrhymed sonnets in English,"The Secret Agent" (1928).Half-rhymed,unrhymed,and even unmetrical sonnets have been very popular since 1950; perhaps the best works in the genre are Seamus Heaney's Glanmore Sonnets and Clearances,both of which use half rhymes,and Geoffrey Hill's mid-period sequence 'An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture in England'.The 1990s saw something of a formalist revival,however,and several traditional sonnets have been written in the past decade.