英语翻译司法认知司法认知是一个比较宽泛的概念,涉及许多情况,是指法官在行驶司法权过程中,对某些特定事实和法律前提作出正式的认定,当所有必要事实被任何理性的人都认为是不可以质

Question

英语翻译
司法认知
司法认知是一个比较宽泛的概念,涉及许多情况,是指法官在行驶司法权过程中,对某些特定事实和法律前提作出正式的认定,当所有必要事实被任何理性的人都认为是不可以质疑时,法官就可以对案件直接作出上述排除决定.
在英美证据法上,司法认知分为强制司法认知和任意司法认知.强制司法认知,是指不论当事人是否提出司法认知的请求,法院都必须采取的司法认知.任意司法认知,是指因当事人申请而进行的司法认知.
司法认知的事实必须是没有合理争议的事实,包括两种,一是法院管辖内公众所周知的事实,二是通过借助某种准确性不容置疑的来源,而能够准确和易于确定的事实,如果某项事实“无合理争议”,法官就可以指示陪审团确定特定事实的真实性,因为它们已被司法认知
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在使用司法认知时要注意以下几点：第一,法院可以自由决定是否作出司法认知,无需考虑当事人是否质疑,但在当事人请求并提供必要信息时,法院应该作出司法认知.第二,在使用司法认知时,当事人有权请求及时给予听证的机会,在没有事先通知的情况下,当事人可以自司法认知作出后提出听证请求.第三,司法认知课在审判的任何阶段作出,但是,无论是在刑事案件还是在民事案件中,如果胜诉方未能在审判时证明案件的关键因素,作出司法认知以维护陪审团有利于胜诉方的裁决,可能会侵犯对方当事人的合法权利.第四,司法认知的使用在民事案件和刑事案件中有所不同.在民事案件中,法官指示陪审团必须把任何经过司法认知的事实作为结论接受,刑事案件中,法官指示陪审团可以将其结论予以接受,也可以不同意该司法认知,且刑事案件比民事案件多一条救济途径.
司法认知让当事人免于举证就能对某些事实进行证明,还免除了法院的查证责任,从而大大提高了法院的审判效率.

Answer 1

Judicial
Judicial notice is a relatively broad concept,involving many cases,is the jurisdiction of the judge in a moving process,the premise of certain facts and the law to make a formal identification,when all the necessary facts by any rational person believe that it is not can be questioned,the judge can rule out the case made the decision directly.
In the Anglo-American law of evidence,the judicial enforcement is divided into judicial and arbitrary judicial notice.Mandatory judicial notice,regardless of the parties is whether to request judicial notice,the court must take judicial notice.Arbitrary judicial notice,is carried out by a party applies for judicial notice.
The fact that judicial notice must be no reasonable dispute facts,including two,one within the jurisdiction of the court of public well-known fact,the second is through the use of a doubt the accuracy of the source,and be able to accurately and easily determine the facts,if a fact that "no reasonable dispute",the judge can instruct the jury to determine the authenticity of certain facts,because they have been judicially
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In the use of judicial notice should pay attention to the following points:First,the court free to decide whether to take judicial notice,regardless of whether the parties questioned,but the parties request and provide the necessary information,the court should take judicial notice.Second,in the use of judicial notice,the parties have the right to request a hearing timely given the opportunity,without prior notice,a party may make a judicial hearing on the request submitted.Third,the judicial course to any stage of the trial,however,whether in criminal cases or in civil cases,if the prevailing party at trial failed to prove a key factor in the case,take judicial notice of the maintenance of the jury conducive to the prevailing party's decision might infringe the other party's legal rights.Fourth,the use of judicial notice in civil and criminal cases are different.In civil cases,the judge instructed the jury to be subject to judicial recognition of any conclusion to accept the fact that,in criminal cases,the judge instructed the jury to accept its conclusions,may not agree with the judicial and criminal cases than one more way remedies in civil cases.
Judicial notice of evidence to the parties from certain facts can be proved,but also eliminates the responsibility of the Court's check,thus greatly improving the efficiency of the trial court.
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