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高中英语名词性从句和定语从句的语法总结(详细一点)

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高中英语名词性从句和定语从句的语法总结(详细一点)
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答案和解析
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样.
一.主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾.
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化.而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that.被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom.
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is +名词+从句
(2) it is +形容词+从句
(3) it is +不及物动词+从句
(4) it +过去分词+从句
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首.
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前.
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前.
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前.
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前.
4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然.
定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句,由关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(as, when, where, why)等引导.关系词除了起引导作用外,还在从句中指代前面的先行词,并在从句中担任一定的成分.
一、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言,可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句.限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号,表示对先行词起修饰限制作用;而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开,是对先行词进行补充说明,相当于并列句.如:
He is the man who has strong personality. 他是个个性很强的人.(限定性定语从句)
My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在国外工作,他下周将回来.(非限定性定语从句)
注:1. 非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导,一般用which,as或who(指人).用which或as引导时,既可以修饰主句的部分内容,也可修饰主句的全部内容.如:
He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. (which指代整个主句,在从句中作主语)
2. as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前.如:
  As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.
  The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly.
3. 在限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时可以省略;但在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时不能省略.如:
The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)
二、通常只用关系代词that,不用 which,who或whom的几种情况
1. 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时.如:
All that you want are here.
2. 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时.如:
There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.
3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时.如:
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4. 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词,并同时兼指人和物时.如:
 We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.
5. 当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时.如:
 Who is the person that is standing over there?
6. 当定语从句为there be 句型时,关系代词只能用that,但经常可以省略.如:
 I know the difference (that) there is between you.
7. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时,常用that.如:
He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去不一样了.

三、as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句
as 引导定语从句时,可指人也可指物,通常与the same,such,so等连用,形式为:the same… as,such… as,as …as,so… as.As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等.如:
She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样.(as代替事,作宾语)
I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书.(as代替物,作主语)
注:the same… as 和the same… that的用法不同.as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”,指同类事物;that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”,指同一事物.如:
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样.(类似的笔)
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支.(同一支笔)

四、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+which/whom”结构中,介词的选择取决于三种情况:
1.定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配.如:
This is the college in which I am studying.
He is the man about whom we are talking.
2.先行词与介词的习惯搭配.如:
The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度.
3.当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词.如:
  I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.
 I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.
注:不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前,如put up with;有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配,此时需要根据上下文来确定.如:be familiar with/to,compare with/to等.
有时为表意清楚,还可以在关系副词where/ when前加介词from, to等.如:
China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 中国是风筝的故乡,从这里,放风筝的运动传到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度.
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