在一个句子中怎样分辨句中的过去分词,是表状态的还是表作被动的语法.尽量详细一点,准却一点,最好举些例句.

Question

在一个句子中怎样分辨句中的过去分词,是表状态的还是表作被动的语法.
尽量详细一点,准却一点,最好举些例句.

Answer 1

一．从动词的性质来区分 英语中的不及物动词不用于被动语态.但是,不及物动词的过去分词可以和动词be连用构成系表结构.在这个结构中,过去分词只表示动作已经完成.强调事物的状态.常见的这种形式不及物动词有：gone,come,arrived,fallen,retired,startled,vexed,mistaken等.这些不及物动词都具有描述性质.例如：Her fever is gone,but she still feels weak． I shall be vexed if you keep mentioning it． The interviewer was quite mistaken about the incidents which happened in the campus． 注意：如果构成分词的动词是一个持续性动词,不表示终极界限,不表示动作结果,而强调动作的持续性,在这种情况下谓语大多数是被动语态.例如：All the books were carried to the library． Several students were honoured for their excellent performance in the English contest． 二．从句子表达的内容来区分 被动语态表示动作,句子的主语是动作的承受者；系表结构中的过去分词已基本上失去了动词的意义,只起到一个形容词的作用,在句子中作表语,说明主语的性质,或所具有的特征或所处的状态.例如：The houses were beautifully decorated．（系表） The houses were decorated and rented to those who were badly in need of shelters．（被动） The book is not illustrated．（系表） The book was illustrated by a famous artist．（被动） 注意：在现代英语中,有少数从古英语中遗留下来的只能用作形容词的－ed分词.这种分词形容词特性显著,完全起到了形容词作用.例如：amused,broken,closed,confused,crowded,covered,done,delighted,frightened,bent,blessed,bound,drunk,lit,melted,rotten,shaved,shrunk,sunk,believed,burnt,excited,faded,married,interested,pleased,satisfied,surprised等.三．从-ed分词后所跟的介词来区别 作形容词用的－ed分词在个别情况下,可以跟除by-phrase以外的其他介词.如：about,at,in,on,with,over,to等.例如：I'm interested in my own hobbies,such as collecting stamps,raising birds and fishing．（系表） I was interested by what you showed me．（被动） The people present at the meeting were annoyed with the tedious speech．（系表） The people who wanted to attend the meeting were surprised by the announcement of the adjournment without day．（被动） 四．从修饰词来区分 1．在英语表达中,过去分词具有形容词性质,因此可用程度副词"more,quite,rather,very"等修饰.凡是能用这类副词修饰的过去分词多为系表结构.例如：Her look was quite amused． After working the whole morning,we were very tired． 2．如果-ed分词的结构中由时间状语、地点状语、原因状语或方式状语来修饰整个句子,表示动作的持续性,反复性,这时这个句子就是被动语态.例如：The dam is completed．（系表） The dam had been completed within two months．（被动） He was wounded．（系表） He was wounded in the battle．（被动） 五．通过时态来区分 系表结构中的动词be为系动词,多用于一般现在时和一般过去时.偶尔在系表结构中也可见到一般将来时和现在完成时.而在被动语态结构中的动词be是助动词.除了很少用于完成进行时和将来完成时之外,可以用各种时态.I shall be much obliged to you for an early reply．（系表） The house is being built by the river．（被动） 另外从时态方面考虑,区分被动语态和系表结构时,可用"还原"的方法.看能否将be＋过去分词形式还原为对应的主动语态.如果是被动语态,它的时态要与相应的主动结构一致.如果是系表结构,一般没有对应时态的主动结构.例如：My window is broken．（这个句子是系表结构,此句没有对应时态的主动句.不能还原为Some one breaks the window．） A lot of new cars have been made since the technical innovations have been adopted．
（此句是被动语态.可以将这个句子还原为We have made a lot of cars since we adopted the technical innovations．） 六．从动词be能否被替代来区分 被动语态一般由助动词be ＋ed分词构成.系表结构除了与be连用之外,还可以用其他动词替换.能被替换的词有：become,get,turn,sound,rest,lie,look,keep,remain,seem,appear等.例如：You may rest assured that everything possible will be done． He appeared perplexed at the thought of the future． 以上几个例句中的rest,appear替换了 be.我们可以认定该句是系表结构.如不能替换就是被动结构.不过,还应强调一下get的用法.get ＋ed分词既可作系表结构,还可以作被动结构.究竟属于哪种结构,主要是看说话人强调的重点.如果强调动作这种结构就是被动结构.反之,此句就是系表结构.例如：The house will get white-washed next week．（此句强调动作,因此我们可以认定此句是被动结构.）