初中应掌握哪八种语法.列出来英语方面的

Question

初中应掌握哪八种语法.
列出来
英语方面的

Answer 1

时态讲解
一、一般现在时主要用于：
1 、表示经常性或习惯性动作. e.g. It seldom snows here.
2 、表示现在的特征或状态. e.g. He is always ready to help others.
3 、普遍真理. e.g. Action speaks louder than words.
4 、剧情图片介绍,背景说明,动作解说. e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table)
Doctor ： What's your trouble, young man?
Tom ： I've caught a cold, doctor.
5 、时间、条件、让步、方式状语从句表将要发生的动作时.
e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains.
与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等.
二、一般过去时主要用于：
1 、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性的动作或状态）
e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days.
2 、谈到过去的情况时 e.g. I didn't know you were so busy.
3 、谈到已死人的情况时 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常有：
yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句,表示主句动作开始的时间.
三、现在完成时主要用于：
1 、表示到现在为止这一时期中发生的动作或情况,即多次动作的总和.
e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel?
For many days we haven't seen each other.
2 、表示对现在有影响的某一已发生的动作.
e.g. The delegation has left 代表团已经走了（说明现在不在这里） Look, what you have done. 看你干的事.
与这一时态连用的时间状语有： already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短语,连词 since 引导的时间状语从句.
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
一般过去时：重在说明动作在过去发生时的具体情况（时间、地点、方式、对象、细节等）.
现在完成时：只提起已发生的动作（事实）及其影响,不说明动作发生时的具体情况.
cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch?
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father.
注：现在完成时表达的动作常具有反复性,故下面一句是错的：
Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 应改为： Did you see the six thirty's news program?
四、现在完成进行时主要用于：表示过去开始的某一动作一直持续到现在,以至延伸到将来,它强调动作延续时间之长久.e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在写一篇文章.（还在写）
cf. I've written an article. 我写了一篇文章.（已写完）
It has been raining these days. 这些天一直在下雨.
五、过去完成时
1 、过去完成时是一个相对时态,表示过去的过去,只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来.
e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
注：主从句表达的动作紧接时,即两动作发生的时间没有明显时间上的悬殊或空档时,主从句都可用一般过去时. e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?
2 、过去完成时可表示截止过去某一时间动作的总或动作的结束.
e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常有： by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等连词引导的时间状语从句,表示主句动作结束的时间.
（六）现在进行时主要用于：
1 、表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作. e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days?
2 、代替一般现在时,表示经常性动作或状态,而含有某种感情色彩.
e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎样?（显得亲切）
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功课很好.（赞扬）
You are always boasting. 你老爱吹牛.（厌烦）
3 、动词 go, come, leave, arrive 等表将要发生的动作时. e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai.
与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： now, these days, recently, this week 等.
七、过去进行时主要用于： 表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在进行的动作.
e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那时她在解放军某部工作.
What were you doing this time yesterday?
与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等.
用 when 引导的时间状语从句表示主句的动作正在进行的时间.
e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
注：
1 、 while 引导时间状语从句叙述过去的动作时,从句常用过去进行时.
e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.
2 、 when 用作并列连词,意为“这时”,连接两分句时,第一句多用过去进行时.
e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：
一般过去时：强调过去某一时间开始或完成的动作.
过去进行时：强调过去某一时间正在进行的动作.
试区别下面两句：
We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们在修建一座水库.（可能尚未建成）
We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们修建了一座水库.（已经建成）
八、一般将来时主要用于： 表示将要发生的动作或情况
e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等.
一般将来时态与其它结构表将来情况的区别：
一般将来时态 ：主要从时间的角度表将要发生的动作或情况.
be going to 结构 ：①表（主观上）打算或准备做某事时. ②表有发生某事的预兆时.
e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.
据以上区别,故下面一句是错的：
I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 应改为： I shall be eighteen years old next year.
be about to do sth 结构 ：意为“刚要做某事”、“马上要做某事”强调时间之紧迫性.
e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我们将马上讨论这个问题.
be to do sth 结构： 表示按计划、安排、规定将实施某事或表示注定会发生某事.
e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for.
及物动词与不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词与和及物动词.
1.及物动词： 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词.及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语）,可直接跟宾语.see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
2.不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词.不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）.若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语.
具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得背动词短语了,如listen to,look at…..
3. 宾语（动作的对象）：是名词或代词,或相当于名词的词或短语（如动名词）.其它词不看作动作的对象呢.
4.举例：“看”
(1)see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词,不是名词,故不作宾语哟)
(3)look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词,作宾语了)
连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语.
表语通常由名词、形容词,或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,说明主语是什么或怎么样.
一、 连系动词的类型有：
1. "存在"类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调"存在".常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等.例如:
The story sounds true.
Those oranges taste good.
2. "持续"类:表示某种情况或状态的持续.这类连系动词强调"持续".常见的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等.例如:
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
3. "变化"类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态.这类连系动词强调"变化"后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), go(变得)等.例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
二、注意事项
1. 有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中.如:feel, taste等词.例如:
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
2. 一般情况下,连系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语.例如:
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名词作表语的连系动词常见的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时,不加冠词.例如:
Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4. 连系动词也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常见的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等.例如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
终止性动词与延续性动词
终止性动词指不会持续一段时间的动作,即动作在瞬间或短时间内完成. 例如:get arrive 这类动词不与一段时间连用
终止性动词:表示不能延续的动作,即动作发生后立即结束.如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的,所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语.
一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词.
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响.如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等.
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束.如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等.
二、延续性动词的用法特征
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用.表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等.如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了.
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用.如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词,而at eight表示"点时间",前后显然矛盾.如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示.上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
-That's right.
三、终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时.如：
The train has arrived.火车到了.
Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗?
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续.因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式).如：
(1)他死了三年了.
误：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years.
正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died.
正：Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他来这儿五天了.
误：He has come here for five days.
正：He has been here for five days.
正：He came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since he came here.
正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用.那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法：
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式.下面列举几例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold.
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式.
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式.
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式.
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用.如：
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……".如：
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里.
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉.
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中.when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词).而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词.如：
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式).如：
误：How long have you come here?
正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?
终止性动词不用于进行时态,若是进行时态形式应译成将来时态的意思.
终止性动词和延续性动词辨析 王嵩
英语动词可以分为延续性动词和终止性动词.这两种动词在每年中考英语试题中出现率较高,笔者将其归纳分类,供同学们学习时参考.一、延续性动词 延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续,而且可以产生持久的影响.常见的这类动词有：be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等.延续性动词的用法很广,但常见于现在完成时中的句子中,且常与for,how,long,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用.例如：1．I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China．自从来到中国,我已经学会了l,000多个汉字.2．We have lived in Linqing since we came here．自从来到这儿,我们就一直住在临清.3．I have kept the picture for about three years．这张画我保存了大约三年. 二、终止性动词 终止性动词又称为瞬间动词或非延续性动词,它表示的动作不能延续,也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束,并产生某种结果.常见的这类动词有：accept,arrive,become,begin,borrow,break,buy,catch,close,come,die,end,fall,finish,get,give,go,join,leave,put,reach,receive,shut,start,stop等.终止性动词用在现在完成时要注意下面三点： （一）终止性动词可直接用来表示某一动作的完成.例如：1．They have reached Shanghai．他们已经到达了上海.2．Has he gone to London? 他已经到伦敦去了吗? （二）终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续,所以,在现在完成时中一般不能和以since,for等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用.例如：1．那老人已经死了一周了.The old man has died for a week．(误)2．他三天前就已经来这儿了.He has come here since three days ago．(误)在以上两句中,die和come都是终止性动词,可用于现在完成时,但不能与以since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用.那么,上面两个句子应该怎样译成英语呢?请看下面四种译法：1．把终止性动词改为延续性的动词.例如：①The old man has been dead for a week．②He has been here since three days ago．2．把原句中的一段时间改为表示“过去”的时间,时态由现在完成时改变成一般过去时.例如：①The old man died a week ago．②He came here three days ago．3．用“It is+时间+since…”句式.例如：①It is／has been a week since the old man died．②It has been／is three days since he came here．4．用“多长时间+has passed+since…”句式.例如：①A week has passed since the old men died．②Three days had passed since he came here． (三)有关特殊终止性动词的用法.1．在while(表示一段时间)引导的从句里,谓语动词不能使用终止性动词,但可以把while改成when,这样,从句里的谓语动词就可以使用终止性动词了.因为when既可以表示时间的“点”,又可以表示时间的“段”.例如：While he got to America．he found his English Was very poor．(误)When he got t0 America．he found his English was very poor．(正)2．终止性动词的否定式与until连用时,意为“直到……才／不到什么时间不……”等.例如：Don’t get off until the bus stops．车未停稳,切勿下车.3．终止性动词不可以与how long引导的句式连用.例如：How long have you borrowed the magazine?(误)When did you borrow the magazine?(正)How long have you kept the magazine?(正)
终止性动词与延缓性动词的用法区别
上海市中国中学 黄文英
英语中的动词,是学习中的重点,又是难点.英语中的动词有多种分类法.根据其有无含义,动词可分为实义动词和助动词；根据动词所表示的是动作还是状态,可以分为行为动词和状态动词；根据动词所表示的动作能否延缓,分为延续性动词和终止性动词.
可以表示持续的行为或状态的动词,叫做“延续性动词”,也叫“持续性动词”,如：be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.
有的表示短暂、瞬间性的动词,叫做“终止性动词”,也可叫“短暂性动词”,或“瞬间性动词”,如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc.
终止性动词构成的现在完成时,不可以用表示一段时间的状语（如：since 和for引导的短语）来修饰,终止性动词构成的现在完成时,只表示动作发生的因果关系,不能表示动作的延续,因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰.
如可以说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因为start是终止性动词, 它所表示的动作短促, 当红十字会出发时,start这个动作便结束了, 不可能延续两天.
在十多年的教学生涯中,发现学生对于如何解决这对矛盾不知所措,下面我来归纳一下解决这对矛盾的四种方法.
用ago时间状语短语来代替since或for引导的时间状语：
eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong)
Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong)
应改为: He returned from America two years ago.
2．用It is… since…复合句代替简单句
eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America.
注意：以上两种办法适用于所有终止性动词.
3．用相应的形容词和副词代替终止性动词.
eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years.
4．用延缓性动词代替终止性动词.
eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong)
应改为:He has been on the Internet for six hours.
但须注意：终止性动词的否定式可以和since 或for 引导的时间状语连用.因为终止性动词的否定表示的是一种可以延续的状态.
eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong)
I haven’t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right)
此外,终止性动词与延缓性动词在翻译上也不同,很易混淆.下面我再就终止性动词与延缓性动词的含义问题做一归纳：
1. 在连词since引导的时间状语从句中, 用终止性动词的过去时或用延缓性动词过去时,其含义是大不相同的.
A. since所引导的时间状语从句中,如果句子谓语是终止性动词的过去时, 则从句表示的时间是从“那一时刻开始”.
eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从他来校以来,一贯努力学习.
B. 在since所引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语是延缓性动词的过去时,那么从句所表示的时间是从延缓性动词所表示的动作结束时算起.
eg. I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.
自从我醒后,没听见任何声音.
介词for引导的时间状语,在翻译时有两种不同的情况：
A．介词for引导的时间状语和延缓性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用时,有两种不同的含义.
eg. He has not lived there for six months.
他不住在那儿已六个月了.（或： 他住在那儿还不到六个月.）
B．介词for引导的时间状语和终止性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用,只有一种含义.
eg. Mary has not left here for six months.
玛丽已六个月没有离开过这儿了.
句中含有till 或until 引导的短语或从句,从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是终止性的,但要注意两种情况：
如果主句中动词是延续性的动词,动词肯定或否定都可以,只是含义不同.
eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.
他听无线电一直到他父亲回来为止.
eg. He didn’t listen to the radio until his father came back..
直到他父亲回来,他才听无线电.
如果主句中的谓语动词是终止性动词,则只能用否定式.
eg. Mr. Smith didn’t marry until he was forty- five. (right)
史密斯先生到四十五岁才结婚.
Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)