英语翻译Manycountriesalsohavelong-establishedcommunally-runfisheriesinwhichcommunitynormsoftensubstituteforstateregulation.Forinstance,inJapan,fishingcooperatives—notindividuals—haveTURFrightstofishin“specificterri

Question

英语翻译
Many countries also have long-established communally-run fisheries in which community norms often substitute for state regulation.For instance,in Japan,fishing cooperatives—not individuals—have TURF rights to fish in “specific territories extending as far as five and a half miles seaward.” The premier example of a communal property regime in United States fisheries,the lobster gangs of Maine,may be slowly giving way to a formal regulatory apparatus established by the state of Maine.Interestingly,there are recent efforts in the U.S.and elsewhere to create new communal regimes to manage fisheries,sometimes from above by government regulators and sometimes from below by fishers.For instance,in Alaska,the Pacific,and New England,fisheries regulators have allocated shares of the total allowable catch of certain species to groups of fishers.Some of these groups have formed cooperatives that in turn allocate the group share among their members,establishing by contract or by custom an individual quota program.Other groups—such as the Native American communities holding community development quotas in Alaska—lease their shares of the total allowable catch to other fishing interests.
Several categories of fisheries remain outside the control of a single state:fisheries that cross the EEZs of more than one country (transboundary fisheries),fisheries that straddle the EEZs of one or more countries and the high seas outside of areas of national jurisdiction (straddling or highly migratory species),and fisheries exclusively on the high seas (discrete high seas fisheries).Many of these fisheries are regulated by regional fisheries management organizations (“RFMOs”) established by conventions and dominated by nation states.Currently,16 RFMOs are authorized “to establish conservation and management measures.” Notably,75% of the high seas are not regulated by any RFMO.The gap in regulation reflects the fact that the high seas account for a relatively small share of world fish catches.Estimates vary,but perhaps 90% of fisheries are in national EEZs,meaning that the high seas account for perhaps only 10% of fisheries.

Answer 1

许多国家也有长期建立社区运行的渔业社会规范往往以国家调控.例如,在日本,渔业合作社,而不是个人,有鱼在“特定领土的延伸五个半英里靠海尽可能.”总理例如在美国渔业,龙虾团伙的公有财产制度的草地权利缅因州,可能会慢慢地让位给缅因州建立正式的监管设备.有趣的是,最近作出的努力,在美国和其他地方创造新的社区制度,管理渔业,有时从上面由政府监管,有时从渔民下面.例如,在阿拉斯加,太平洋,新英格兰,渔业监管部门已拨出某些物种的总允许捕捞渔民团体的股份.这些群体已经形成了合作社,反过来说,其成员之间分配的组份,按合同或建立自定义一个单独的配额方案.等其他群体的美洲原住民社区举行社区发展配额阿拉斯加租赁其股份的总可捕量,其他的渔业利益.
几个类别的渔业保持一个单一国家控制之外的：跨越国家管辖范围以外的一个以上的国家（跨界渔业）,渔业跨越一个或多个国家的专属经济区和公海的专属经济区内的渔业（跨越或高度洄游鱼类种群）,专门（离散公海渔业）公海渔业.许多这些渔业是受区域渔业管理组织（“区域渔业管理组织”）公约和建立民族国家主导.目前,16个区域渔业管理组织认可“,建立养护和管理措施.”值得注意的是,75％的公海是不会受任何区域渔业管理组织.在监管的差距反映了一个事实,占了世界鱼类的份额相对较小,渔获的公海.估计有所不同,但也许90％的渔业在国家的专属经济区,公海渔业也许只有10％的帐户.