介绍山西的英语短文重点是山西的特色

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介绍山西的英语短文
重点是山西的特色

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Shanxi,located on the eastern part of the loess plateau of North China, Borders Hebei Province, Henan Province , Shanxi Provicne and Inner Mogolia Autonomous Region. The name of the province, Shanxi, literally means "West of the Mountains", referring to the Taihang Mountains.
Spring is windy and the temperature varies greatly between day and night. Summer is hot and rainy .Autumn is short and mild. Winter is long, cold and dry. The yearly average temperature is 12/20 degrees C, while the lowest temperature is -1/7 degrees C. Non Frost season varies from 1 to 7 months . The most of province has an average rainfall of 400/500 millimeters. The best tour season is from April to October.
the Best Selected Tours:
Buddhism and Ancient Buildings Tour in North Shanxi
Shanxi Merchants' Culture and Folklore Tour in Central Shanxi
Yellow River Culture and Ancestor Tracing Tour
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Shanxi
I. Basic Figures
Areas: 156.3 thousand km2
Population: 31.908 million (by the end of 1997)
Provincial Capital: Taiyuan City
Geography: Shanxi Province is in China¢ s Huabei Area and the eastern Huangtu (loess) Plateau. It is between 34° 34.8¢ N~40° 43.4¢ N and 110° 14.6¢ E~114° 33.4¢ E, and neighbors on Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia.
Natural Resources: Shanxi Province is mostly mountainous regions and plateaus covered by loess. Its mountainous region is wide and plains are few, so cultivated land is inadequate. Shanxi¢ s forest resource is also little and with low quality. Because of the great need of lumber, almost all of its lumber comes from other provinces. Anyhow, more than 120 types of minerals have been found in Shanxi, including coal, bauxite, pearlite, refractory clay, gallium, and zeolite which are the first in China. It is one of the country¢ s energy bases, but it lacks water resource.
Economy: In 1997, the gross domestic product of Shanxi was 148.013 billion yuan, the gross industrial and agricultural output value was 269.177 billion yuan, and the per capita gross national product was 4,712 yuan. The total imports and exports were 1,952.32 million US dollars; total provincial government revenue was 9,281 million yuan; yield of grain 9.0187 million tons. Two thirds of counties have coal field. There are many types of coal and iron, and they are widely dispersed. The manufacture of cranes, mining machinery, steel rolling mills and textile machinery also shares an important place in China¢ s industry, and its light industry and textile industry is developing at a high speed. It also has traditional products such as Xinghuacun Fenjiu liquor, Changzhi porcelain and Qingxu mature vinegar.
People¢ s Life: By the end of 1997, Shanxi had labor force of 19.786 million people, made 63.0% total provincial population, the labor force resource utilization rate was 72.70%. The total wages of staff and workers was 23,996.42 million yuan; total social insurance and welfare funds of employed and retired staff and workers were 6.95 billion yuan. The per capita net income of rural residence was 1,738.26 yuan. The average wage of staff and workers was 5,320 yuan, and the per capita annual disposable income of urban households was 3,989.9 yuan. The average household consumption was 1,985 yuan, 1,247 for rural residence and 4,172 for urban residence. The number of hospital beds per 10,000 persons was 35.3, and number of doctors per 10,000 persons was 42.4.
Education: By the end of 1997, there were 42 higher education institutions in Shanxi, with number of student enrolment 71,138 and teachers 8,713; 3,942 secondary schools with number of student enrolment 2.0142 million and teachers 142,051; 39,622 primary schools with number of student enrolment 3.4464 million and teachers 174,055. The features of education distribution of Shanxi population are the increase of educated population of each level except primary education (this is because of the decrease of primary school-age children) and decrease of illiterate and half-illiterate population annually.
II. Population Situation
Size and Distribution
The total population of Shanxi in 1997 was 31.908 million. The population density was 201/km2 with uneven distribution geographically. Because of the differences in social-economic development and labor force distribution, there have been higher population density in middle basin, and lower in the east mountainous area, and also low in western hilly land. More people living in the areas with rich mineral resource and developed industry and mining, more people living in the plain, and the population growth was faster in the plain than in the mountainous and hilly areas. The most of urban population are located in plain and basin, and larger proportion of agricultural population in the same areas also.
There are 45 minority nationalities in the province, all of them in small size.
Population History
The population in Shanxi has been developed very fast since the 50¢ s. The process can be divided into 4 periods by the variations in total population and annual increase rate:
1949~58 was the period of fast increase of total population with an annual rate of 26.52‰; 1959~61 was the trough of population increase; 1962~73 was the period of fast population increase, average 456 thousands increase annually, the average annual increase rate was 23.41‰; 1973~now has been the period of steady growth with plan, population growth has been under control through the widely promotion of family planning.
Population Structure by Sex and Age
Because variety of reasons, sex ratios were relatively high in Shanxi in history. It was about 130 from 1912 to 1937, and gradually lowered after 1949. In 1990, the sex ratio of Shanxi was 108.51, still higher than the national average. The distribution of sex ratios is uneven geographically, with higher in the north and lower in the south, decreased gradually. The sex ratios are higher in cities and towns, higher in industry and mining areas. Among 1997 population of 31.908 million, population of age 0~14 was 8.675 million, made 27.19% of the total; 15~64 population made 66.58% of the total (21.245 million); and population of age 65 and above was 1.987 million, made 6.23% of the total. The total dependency ratio was 50.19%, with the ratio of children 40.83% and of aged 9.35%.
Fertility Level and Changes
The fertility level in Shanxi is in the upper middle position of the nation. It has been varied in a saddle shape in the 80¢ s. In 1981, the total fertility rate was 2.43, then it decreased to 2.1 in 1985 after the practice of “Family Planning Regulation of Shanxi Province.” It returned to the level of 1981 after the readjustment of the Regulation in 1986, was 2.42 in 1990. There appeared to be an earlier marriage and fertility peak-value, decreased high parity birth proportion, and increased second parity births. The third fertility peak was observed in 1992, the fertility level lowered since the women in childbearing age decreased annually.
In 1997, the birth rate of Shanxi was 16.18‰, natural increase rate 10.12‰. According to population projections in 3 scenarios of high, medium, and low, the population of Shanxi will still increase in the early of next century, with decreased new born population and birth rate.
Mortality and Life Expectancy
The mortality decreased sharply since the establishment of new China, but the process was not smooth. The total number of death and mortality decreased, infant mortality decreased also. Rural-urban difference is obvious in mortality; and male mortality is higher than that of female, minority mortality is lower than that of Han majority people. The provincial mortality rate decreased from 13.70‰ in 1949 to 6.06‰ in 1997.
The average life expectancies during 1928~33 were 38.90 for male and 34.27 for female. Since the fast decrease of mortality level after 1949, the life expectancy increased significantly, reached 69.42 in 1990.
Marriage, Family Size and Type
By 1990 4th National Census, the never-married male population was larger than female, with rural-urban difference. Most of the never-married population was young adults. The never-married rates were increasing as education level increase. Very few people stayed never married lifetime. There were more married women than men. Married population proportion increased as age increase before age 40, and it increased faster during marriage-childbearing peak. Women¢ s average age at first marriage has been increasing. There were more widowed women. The proportion of widowed population increased as age increases. The widowhood rate decreased for older age group, higher in rural than urban, and higher in illiterate and half-illiterate people. The divorced population had high sex ratio with large difference between rural and urban. The largest proportion of divorce was in 50~59 age group, higher proportion of divorced population in rural. In 1997, among 23.232 million population of age 15 and older, there were 11.805 million male and 11.427 million female. Among them there were 2.603 million never married male and 1.710 million female; first-married male 8.482 million, and female 8.603 million; remarried male 202 thousand and female 269 thousand; divorced male 133 thousand and female 49 thousand; widowed male 385 thousand and female 796 thousand.
The size of family household has been decreased; the proportion of large family decreased and small family increased. The average household size in 1997, Shanxi was 3.69. The major type was two-generation, made 58.10%. There were mainly nuclear families. Among aged family households, there were more singled elderly people. Most of single person households’ members were elderly who lost their spouses.
Aging of Population
By 1990 4th National Census, the population changed from adult to aged type with a faster speed. The aged population increased fast with a large size, and the increase is faster than economic development; the increase is uneven geographically. The sex ratio decreased while oldest old population increased. The education level was lower among the elderly. 65.86% of aged population were illiterate or half-illiterate. 50.82% elderly people had spouses, the widowhood rate was 47.00%. The employment rate was 18.24%.
Population Quality
The 1990 National Census shows that proportion of people with secondary education level or above increased, and proportion of illiterate population decreased.
Migration and Population Floating
The strength of population migration increased continuously in recent years, due to the stimulation of market economy. There have been more in-migrants than out-migrants inter-province, more male migrants than female. The direction of migration is mainly from rural to urban and mining area. The migrants have relatively higher education, and the education level of intra-provincial migrants is higher than inter-provincial migrants. There is a large proportion of single people among migrants. The original occupation of migrants is mainly agriculture, and most of them are engage in trade and industry work in destination.
Population, Resources and Environment
Shanxi is the energy and chemical industry base of state. Population growth and economic development have put much pressure on resource and environment. The problems of resource shortage, pollution, and damage to organism¢ s habits are harmful to people¢ s health, and also affect further economic development.
III. Family Planning
History
1. Period of Fertility Control Publicity and Supervision (1956~61)
According to “The Circulation on Improving Contraception and Induced Abortion” by Ministry of Health and instructions by Central Government, Shanxi started fertility control publicity and supervision in urban and areas with high birth rates and high population densities. Some urban couples started to use contraception.
2. Period of Family Planning Initiation (1962~70)
The Provincial Family Planning Commission was established in 1963, after the Central Government¢ s advocating. Most of counties/cities/districts also had local family planning commissions. The Health Department produced “Shanxi 1963 Maternal and Child Health Work Plan”, which emphasized “promote fertility control in areas with high population density.” In 1965, the Provincial Family Planning Commission worked out “Some Policy Issues on Late Marriage and Family Planning Promotion”, gave specific instructions on family planning. “Cultural Revolution” started in 1966 brought the work into a total stop. This is the period of most newborns since 1949, and longest lasted fertility peak.
3. Period of Resume and Development (1971~78)
Shanxi had a Family Planning Leadership Group since 1971. The family planning organizations were established in each level. In 1977, they were transformed into governmental administrative department. The first experience exchange meeting in family planning was held in Gaoping County, to introduce the county¢ s experience in combine the family planning with maternal and child health care. There were 3 other meetings in family planning technical experience exchange and family planning research cooperation during 1974~78, to strength technical ability.
4. Period of Further Development (1979~93)
Shanxi put family planning into provincial economic plan in 1979. “Shanxi Family Planning Regulation” was officially implemented in 1990. The family planning work was brought into progress by disseminating and sharing successful experiences. Taking the family planning work as one of the responsibilities of local government further strengthened the leadership. A provincial wide family planning conference on television was held in 1993. The five level (province, city, county, township, and village) population and family planning management responsibility system was established in the same year.
5. Period of Steady Progress (1994~now)
Under the new situation, Shanxi implemented “three emphasis” in family planning work, and carried out integrated approaches. The publicity and education have been paid more attention, the service and standardized management were improved, the new approaches in urban family planning has been searched.
Major Achievements
The speed of population growth has been under control effectively. Compare to the average from 1962 to 1970, the birth rate decreased from 33.1‰ to 16.8‰ in 1997, natural increase rate decreased from 23.10‰ to 10.12‰. Although 1997 was in the third childbirth peak with large base number of population, the net increase in the year was 316.3 thousand, much less than 477.1 thousand in 1970.
People¢ s Education Achievement and Health have been improved. The percentages of people who have high school education and higher was 1.51% in 1964, 8.03% in 1982, and 10.20% in 1990. The percentage of illiterate and half-illiterate was 33.85% in 1964, 17.86% in 1982, and 11.30% in 1990. The provincial mortality rate was 13.70‰ in 1949, and 6.06‰ in 1997; infant mortality rate decreased from 79.11‰ in 1958 to 39.08‰ in 1990. The average life expectancy increased from 57.16 in 1958 to 69.68 in 1990.
The ideas of marriage and childbearing have been changed. The average firs-marriage age in province level was 17.36 in the 50¢ s, 19.72 in the 70¢ s, 22.04 in 1984, and 24 in 1990. Total fertility rate decreased from 6.14 in the 50¢ s to 2.46 in 1990. People practice family planning voluntarily, take it as a way to keep a happy family and also good for the nation.
The pattern of population reproduction changed. The pattern of population reproduction has been changed from high fertility, high mortality, and low natural increase in the early 50¢ s to low fertility, low mortality, and low natural increase. The population structure has been changing from young to adult population.
The development of productive forces was benefited. Have less and healthy children helped couples, especially women, to put more time and energy to participate in social and economic activities.