谁能帮我把下面的翻译成英文--我非常感谢-是土木专业的3)涵前的天然河沟纵坡大于50%时，水流速度很大，进水口处需做跌水井，以减缓流速，削弱水能。上游沟槽开挖纵坡率因根据河沟地

Question

谁能帮我把下面的翻译成英文--我非常感谢-是土木专业的
3)涵前的天然河沟纵坡大于50%时，水流速度很大，进水口处需做跌水井，以减缓流速，削弱水能。上游沟槽开挖纵坡率因根据河沟地质情况决定，以保证土体不致滑移。为上游沟槽铺砌加固成梯形截面；为上游沟槽铺砌加固成矩形截面，槽底每隔1.5～2m设防滑墙一道。
4）陡坡涵洞的出水口最容易遭到水毁，一般采用八字翼墙、急流槽、跌水、缓流井、消力、人工加糙等设施。但需视河沟天然坡度情况，根据水利计算,合理的选用几种设施及彼此衔接的形式和尺寸。
在公路工程中涵洞的数量很多，如果在设计时，一座涵洞绘制一张或数张设计图，那么设计图值的数量就相当多，不但增加设计工作量，而且增加设计费用。因此，设计时一般根据当地的材料地质和施工条件，全线选择一种或二种涵洞型式，并把全线的涵洞进行分类，将类型相同的涵洞合并在一起，绘制出一张或数张标准设计图。在标准设计图中，各涵洞设计尺寸相同的值。
一） 跨径的确定
按设计流量确定涵洞的净跨径。在确定涵洞净跨径时，应和涵下净高综合考虑，根据计算的涵洞净跨径选用标准跨径。
二） 涵高的确定
涵洞顶面中心标高（即路面中心标高）应服从路线纵断面的要求，可从路线的设计标高（即路基边缘设计标高。
三） 涵底坡度的确定
涵底纵坡最好选用临界坡度，此时涵洞的排洪能力最大，但实际设计时，涵洞的纵破应根据沟底坡度确定。涵洞最小纵坡不小于0.4%,以防淤积也不大于最大纵坡,以防涵底铺砌被冲毁。
四）明涵与暗涵
跨径小的,涵下净高过大,可修暗涵。反之，可修明涵。
五）涵洞尺寸的确定
根据涵径确定板厚，跨径越大，板越厚。板厚还应和混凝土标号（石料标号）、配筋的数量配合所以选择板厚时应注明混凝土标号和钢筋等级。板的宽度应选的适当，混凝土板的厚度一般以1m为单位。根据涵下净高，相适应的台深厚度和墩身厚度。选择时应结合石料标号和砂浆标号综合考虑。
六）材料标号的选用
七）一条路线的石料最好选用一种，以利施工。
如果一座涵洞的台身石料标号与基础石料标号不同；或这一座与另一座涵洞的石料标号不同；或同一座涵洞的某一部位石料用块石，另一部位用片石，这样的设计会给备料或施工增加许多麻烦，而且容易搞错。一个部位的砂浆标号也应尽量采用一种，不要一座涵洞的某一部位用一种砂浆标号，另一座涵洞的同一部位用另一种砂浆标号。
八）地基应力
设计涵位出的地基承载力应大于标准图上要求的地基承载力。当地基承载力低于标准图的要求时，应采取扩大基础或其他措施。
九）工程量
在涵洞设计图上，除了注明涵各部分尺寸外，还应列出涵洞各部分工程量。这些工程数量可从标准图上查到，当无法从标准图上查到时，应通过计算确定。
十）图纸的说明
需在设计图纸上说明的有设计荷载标准，尺寸单位、地基承载力的要求、石料标号和砂浆标号、混凝土标号和钢筋等级以及其他必要的说明

Answer 1

)Before the Han of natural river ditch vertical slope more than 50%, the water current speed be very big, enter water need to do to fall water well, with deceleration current velocity, weaken water ability.The upper stream groove open to dig a vertical slope rate because of according to the river ditch geology circumstance decision, with assurance soil body unlikely slippery move.Spread to carve to reinforce into a trapezoid piece noodles for the upper stream groove;Spread to carve to reinforce into a rectangle piece noodles for the upper stream groove, the slot bottom be each to separate a 1.5~2 m to establish an antiskid wall a.
4)of the steep slope culvert water be most easy to be ruin by water, general adoption horoscope wing wall, rushing current slot, fall water, slow flow well and eliminate dint, artificial to add Cao etc. facilities.But need to see the river ditch natural slope circumstance, according to the water conservancy calculation, reasonable of choose to use a few facilities and each other link up of form and size.
The amount of culvert is a lot of in the highway engineering, if while design, a culvert draw 1 or number set up to account diagram, so design diagram value of amount much more equal, not only increase design workload, but also increment design expenses.Therefore, design hour general according to the region of material geology and construction condition, whole line choice 1 kind or two kinds of culvert pattern, and whole line of the culvert carry on classification, type homology of culvert merger together, draw 1 or several standard design diagram.In the standard the design the diagram, each culvert design size homology of value.
A) across the assurance of path
Press the design discharge assurance culvert of clean across path.At assurance the culvert be clean to across path, should with Han bottom clean Gao comprehensive consideration, according to calculation of the culvert be clean to across path to choose to use standard across path.
Two) Han Gao of assurance
Culvert crest noodles center elevation(namely the road noodles center elevation) should obey route vertical section of request, can from the route of design elevation(namely roadbed edge design elevation.
Three) Han bottom the assurance of the slope
The Han bottom vertical slope had better choose to use a critical slope, at this time culvert of row the Hong ability be the biggest, but actual design, the Zong of culvert break should basis ditch bottom slope assurance.The culvert minimum vertical slope is no smaller than 0.4%, in order to prevent silt up also not big at the biggest vertical slope, in order to prevent the Han bottom spread to carve a quilt blunt ruin.
Four)clear Han with dark Han
Across path small of, the Han descend clean Gao Guo4 Da4, can fix dark Han.Whereas, can well-ordered Han.
Five)the assurance of culvert size
According to Han path assurance the plank be thick and across path more big, the plank be more thick.The plank is thick to return should with concrete mark number(the stone anticipate mark number), go together with the amount of Jin match so choice the plank be thick should note concrete mark number and reinforcing bar grade.The knothole width should choose of appropriate, concrete knothole thickness general take 1 m as unit.The basis Han descend clean Gao, mutually orientation of the set deep degree and Dun body thickness.Choice hour should combine a stone to anticipate mark number and sand syrup mark number comprehensive consideration.
Six)the material mark choose of number use
Seven)a stone of route anticipate and had better choose to use 1 kind, for the convenience of the construction.
If the set body stone of a culvert anticipate mark number and foundation stone to anticipate mark number dissimilarity;Or this anticipate mark number with another stone of culvert dissimilarity;Or some part stone of the same of culvert anticipate to use a piece of stone, another a part use a slice of stone, so of the design will give to get the materials ready or construction increment many bother, and easy make wrong.The sand syrup of a part mark number also should as far as possible adoption 1 kind, don't a culvert of some part use a kind of sand syrup mark number and same part of another culvert use another sand syrup mark number.
Eight)foundation should dint
Design Han the foundation of loading dint should big in standard diagram top request of foundation loading dint.When foundation loading the dint be low at the standard diagram of request, should adopt extension foundation or other measure.
Nine)engineering quantity
At culvert design diagram up, in addition to noting Han each parts of size, return should list each parts of engineering of culvert quantity.These engineering amount can from the standard diagram top check, be can't from standard diagram top check by that time, should pass a calculation assurance.
Ten)the elucidation of the diagram paper
Need at design diagram paper top elucidation of have and design the lotus carry standard, size unit, foundation loading dint of request, the stone anticipate mark number and sand syrup mark number, concrete mark number and reinforcing bar grade and other necessity of elucidation